ANTIBIOTICS -II

 Dear students,

Here we are going to see about the next two antibiotics.

Chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic and is in the class of antimicrobials that inhibits protein synthesis. Chloramphenicol is a synthetically manufactured broad-spectrum antibiotic. It was initially isolated from the bacteria Streptomyces venezuelae in 1948 and was the first bulk produced synthetic antibiotic. It can be used against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria. It works by inhibiting protein synthesis thereby preventing the formation of bacterial protein.  Chloramphenicol can be administered topically ear drops, or as an eye ointment. It can also be given intravenous injection or taken as oral capsules. 

Structure:

It is a dichloro-substituted acetamide containing a nitrobenzene ring, an amide bond and two alcohol functions.  In 1949 a team of scientists at Parke-Davis including Mildred Rebstock published their identification of the chemical structure and their synthesis.

         

Therapeutic Uses:

1. Typhoid

A life-threatening infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. Without treatment, there is a small chance of death from typhoid fever complications.

2. Whoophing cough:

Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection. In many people, it's marked by a severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like "whoop." Once you become infected with whooping cough, it takes about seven to 10 days for signs and symptoms to appear, though it can sometimes take longer.

 

3. Urinary Tract Infection:

 

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of the urinary system. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract — the bladder and the urethra. Women are at greater risk of developing a UTI than are men. Urinary tract infections are often treat with antibiotics.

II Streptomycin:

Streptomycin is the first discovered aminoglycoside antibiotic, originally isolated from the bacteria streptomyces griseus. It is now primarily used as part of the multi-drug treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. It has additional activity against several aerobic gram-negative bacteria.  It interferes with ribosomal peptide/protein synthesis. It binds to bacterial ribosome, inhibiting its functionality and halting further protein synthesis through inhibition of peptide bond formation. 

Selman Waksman and eventually Albert Schatz were recognized with the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discovery of streptomycin and its antibacterial activity. 

Structure: 

Streptomycin is a amino cyclitol glycoside that consists
 of streptidine having a disaccharyl moiety
 attached at the 4-position. 

Therapeutic Uses:

1. Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that most often affects the lungs and is caused by a type of bacteria. It spreads through the air when infected people cough, sneeze or spit. Certain conditions can increase a person’s risk for tuberculosis disease:

diabetes (high blood sugar), weakened immune system (for example, HIV or AIDS), tobacco use.

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